PRIMER REPORTE DE LA CALIDAD BROMATOLÓGICA DE PIENSOS EN ECUADOR FIRST REPORT ON THE BROMATOLOGICAL QUALITY OF FEED IN ECUADOR
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Publicado:
dic 29, 2025
Palabras clave:
calidad bromatologica, calidad de piensos, control de calidad, buenas practicas de manufactura
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Resumen
La calidad nutricional de los piensos es un factor crítico para la sostenibilidad de las explotaciones pecuarias, representando entre el 60 al 70% de los costos productivos y siendo determinante en la eficiencia del sector pecuario, el cual aporta significativamente a la seguridad alimentaria. Adicionalmente, la calidad nutricional de los piensos contribuye a la apertura de mercados y a la economía del productor pecuario. En este estudio, se muestrearon 61 piensos comerciales en 20 provincias del Ecuador, enviándolos a los Laboratorios de Bromatología de la Agencia de Regulación y Control Fito y Zoosanitario (Agrocalidad) para verificar su conformidad con la normativa ecuatoriana vigente. El estudio se llevó a cabo en el año 2021. Se realizaron análisis proximales de humedad, ceniza, proteína, grasa y fibra cruda. Acorde a la normativa los parámetros de proteína y grasa se declaran como mínimos y los de humedad, cenizas y fibra como máximos. Al existir diferentes valores declarados en cada etiqueta de pienso, se utilizaron valores estandarizados que corresponden a la división del resultado de cada parámetro del informe de laboratorio para el valor del mismo parámetro declarado en la etiqueta. En promedio todas las muestras cumplieron con los valores de proteína, grasa, cenizas y fibra. En general, se determinó que el 61% de las muestras analizadas individualmente incumplen al menos un parámetro nutricional. Este hallazgo puede atribuirse al bajo alcance del control post registro de piensos que se comercializan a nivel nacional, así como la posible deficiente aplicación de las Buenas Prácticas de Manufactura. Se recomienda que la autoridad continúe con el control de calidad de los piensos para así asegurar la calidad de los piensos a los productores locales y promover su competitividad a nivel internacional.
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1.
Carlosama-Yépez M, Pita G, García P, Villarreal V, Melo-Durán D, Suárez D. PRIMER REPORTE DE LA CALIDAD BROMATOLÓGICA DE PIENSOS EN ECUADOR. EEC [Internet]. 29 de diciembre de 2025 [citado 17 de enero de 2026];10(2):15. Disponible en: https://revistaecuadorescalidad.agrocalidad.gob.ec/revistaecuadorescalidad/index.php/revista/article/view/262
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Artículos Científicos
Citas
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[2] FAO. Buenas prácticas para la industria de piensos. Vol. 9, Implementación del código de prácticas sobre buena alimentación animal. 2014:42–53.
[3] AGROCALIDAD. Manual para el Registro de Empresas y Productos de Uso Veterinario, Resolución 003 [Internet]. 7th ed. Ecuador; 2021. Available from: https://www.gob.ec/ sites/default/files/regulations/2022-01/ D o c u m e n t o _ M a n u a l - p a r a - r e g i s t r o - empresas-productos-uso-veterinario-7ma ED.pdf
[4] LOSA. Reglamento a la Ley Orgánica de Sanidad Agropecuaria [Internet]. 2019. Available from: https://www.gob.ec/ sites/default/files/regulations/2020-05/ Reglamento_LOSA.pdf
[5] Coleman SW, Moore JE. Feed quality and animal performance. Field Crops Res. 2003;84(1–2):17–29.
[6] Mateos GG, Grobas S, Taboada E, Méndez J. Valoración de la calidad del pienso en cunicultura. Univ Autónoma Barcelona. 1989:19–24.
[7] Mengesha M. The issue of feed-food competition and chicken production for the demands of foods of animal origin. Asian J Poult Sci. 2012;6(2):31–43.
[8] Patience JF, Rossoni-Serão MC, Gutiérrez NA. A review of feed efficiency in swine: Biology and application. J Anim Sci Biotechnol. 2015;6(1):1–9.
[9] Lee CY, Song AAL, Loh TC, Abdul Rahim R. Effects of lysine and methionine in a low crude protein diet on the growth performance and gene expression of immunity genes in broilers. Poult Sci. 2020;99(6):2916–2925.
[10]FAO. The future of food and agriculture: trends and challenges. Vol. 4. Rome; 2017:1951–1960.
[11]FAO STATISTICS. World Food and Agriculture – Statistical Yearbook 2021. 2021.
[12]Méndez-Barrón R. Inocuidad, normatividad y calidad como estrategia competitiva: experiencias en el sector porcícola de México y Sonora. Estud Soc Rev Aliment Contemp y Desarro Reg [Internet]. 2021 Oct 27. Available from: https://www.ciad. mx/estudiosociales/index.php/es/article/ view/1155
[13]Ingrid Carolina MR, Hernando CC. La Gestión de la Calidad, una mirada desde los Gobiernos Locales de México - Colombia [Internet]. Universidad Santo Tomás; 2021. Available from: https://repository.usta. edu.co/handle/11634/31776
[14]AOAC. Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International. Latimer W, Horwitz GWL, editors. Rockville, MD; 2005.
[15]Vieira SL, Stefanello C, Sorbara JOB. Formulating poultry diets based on their indigestible components. Poult Sci [Internet]. 2014 Sep;93(9):2411–2416. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier. com/retrieve/pii/S003257911932396X
[16]CAMEVET. Guía para la elaboración de estudios de estabilidad de productos farmacéuticos veterinarios. 2019:15.
[17]OMS. Comité de Expertos de la OMS en Especificaciones para las Preparaciones Farmacéuticas. Inf Tec 863. 2012:71–89.
[18]AGROCALIDAD. Instructivo para las auditorías de certificación de buenas prácticas de manufactura y almacenamiento de productos veterinarios [Internet]. Ecuador; 2017. Available from: https:// www.agrocalidad.gob.ec/wp-content/ uploads/2021/05/Resolucion-0066.pdf
[19]Liao SF, Wang T, Regmi N. Lysine nutrition in swine and the related monogastric animals: muscle protein biosynthesis and beyond. Springerplus. 2015;4(1):1–12.
[20]Krul ES. Calculation of Nitrogen-to-Protein Conversion Factors: A Review with a Focus on Soy Protein. JAOCS, J Am Oil Chem Soc. 2019;96(4):339–364.
[21]Ojano-Dirain C, Waldroup P. Evaluation of Lysine, Methionine and Threonine Needs of Broilers Three to Six Week of Age under Moderate Temperature Stress. Int J Poult Sci. 2001;1(1,2,3):16–21.
[22]Cemin HS, Vieira SL, Stefanello C, Kipper M, Kindlein L, Helmbrecht A. Digestible lysine requirements of male broilers from 1 to 42 days of age reassessed. 2017:1–13.
[23]Dozier IA, Payne RL. Digestible lysine requirements of female broilers from 1 to 15 days of age. J Appl Poult Res. 2012;21(2):348–357.
[24]Gilbert MS, Ijssennagger N, Kies AK, van Mil SWC. Protein fermentation in the gut; implications for intestinal dysfunction in humans, pigs, and poultry. Am J Physiol - Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2018 Aug 1;315(2):G159–G170.
[25]Rotz CA. Management to reduce nitrogen losses in animal production. J Anim Sci. 2004;82 E-Suppl(3).
[26]Kirchgessner M, Roth FX. Minderung der stickstoffausscheidung beim schwein*. Arch für Tierernaehrung. 1993 Jan;43(4):283– 301.
[27]Frank D, Joo ST, Warner R. Consumer acceptability of intramuscular fat. Korean J Food Sci Anim Resour. 2016;36(6):699– 708.
[28]Yang XF, Qiu YQ, Wang L, Gao KG, Jiang ZY. A high-fat diet increases body fat mass and up-regulates expression of genes related to adipogenesis and inflammation in a genetically lean pig. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B. 2018;19(11):884–894.
[29]Chen CY, Huang YF, Ko YJ, Liu YJ, Chen YH, Walzem RL, et al. Obesity-associated cardiac pathogenesis in broiler breeder hens: Development of metabolic cardiomyopathy. Poult Sci. 2017;96(7):2438–2446.
[30]Switonski M, Stachowiak M, Cieslak J, Bartz M, Grzes M. Knowledge on the genetic background of fat tissue accumulation is important in livestock production. J Appl Genet. 2010;51(2):153–168.
[31]Smith TR, Hippen AR, Beitz DC, Young JW. Metabolic Characteristics of Induced Ketosis in Normal and Obese Dairy Cows. J Dairy Sci. 1997;80(8):1569–1581.
[32]Thiex N, Richardson CR. Challenges in measuring moisture content of feeds. J Anim Sci. 2003;81(12):3255–3266.
[33]Mannaa M, Kim KD. Influence of Temperature and Water Activity on Deleterious Fungi and Mycotoxin Production during Grain Storage. Mycobiology [Internet]. 2017 Dec 19;45(4):240–254. Available from: https:// www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.5941/ MYCO.2017.45.4.240
[34]Magan N, Medina A, Aldred D. Possible climate‐change effects on mycotoxin contamination of food crops pre‐and postharvest. Plant Pathol [Internet]. 2011 Feb 10;60(1):150–163. Available from: https://bsppjournals.onlinelibrary. w i l e y . c o m / d o i / 1 0 . 1 1 1 1 / j . 1 3 6 5 - 3059.2010.02412.x
[35]Maciorowski KG, Herrera P, Jones FT, Pillai SD, Ricke S. Effects on poultry and livestock of feed contamination with bacteria and fungi. Anim Feed Sci Technol [Internet]. 2007 Feb;133(1–2):109–136. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/ retrieve/pii/S0377840106003087
[36]Gautam B, Govindan BN, Ganzle M, Roopesh MS. Influence of water activity on the heat resistance of Salmonella enterica in selected low-moisture foods. Int J Food Microbiol [Internet]. 2020 Dec;334:108813. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/ retrieve/pii/S016816052030307X
[37]Jia S, Li C, Wu K, Qi D, Wang S. Effect of Water Activity on Conidia Germination in Aspergillus flavus. Microorganisms [Internet]. 2022 Aug 29;10(9):1744. Available from: https://www.mdpi. com/2076-2607/10/9/1744
[38]Gomez R, Vioque M, Sanchez E, Fernandez- Salguero J. Changes in water activity and some microbial groups during storage of pet feed. Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung. 1997;44(2):155–164.
[39]Martens EC, Neumann M, Desai MS. Interactions of commensal and pathogenic microorganisms with the intestinal mucosal barrier. Nature Reviews Microbiology. 2018;16:457–470.
[40]Hall MB, Mertens DR. A 100-Year Review: C a r b o h y d r a t e s — C h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n , digestion, and utilization. J Dairy Sci [Internet]. 2017 Dec;100(12):10078– 10093. Available from: https:// linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/ S0022030217310470
[41]Baye K, Guyot JP, Mouquet-Rivier C. The unresolved role of dietary fibers on mineral absorption. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr [Internet]. 2017 Mar 24;57(5):949–957. Available from: https://www.tandfonline. com/doi/full/10.1080/10408398.2014.95 3030
[42]Mertens DR. Challenges in measuring insoluble dietary fiber. J Anim Sci [Internet]. 2003 Dec 1;81(12):3233–3249. Available from: https://academic.oup.com/jas/ article/81/12/3233/4790131
[43]Bach Knudsen KE, Lærke HN, Jorgensen H. The role of fibre in nutrient utilization and animal health. Proc 29th West Nutr Conf. 2008 Jun;93–106.
[44]Eklou-Kalonji E, Zerath E, Colin C, Lacroix C, Holy X, Denis I, et al. Calcium-Regulating Hormones, Bone Mineral Content, Breaking Load and Trabecular Remodeling Are Altered in Growing Pigs Fed Calcium- Deficient Diets. J Nutr [Internet]. 1999 Jan;129(1):188–193. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/ pii/S0022316623019041 [45]Zhao SC, Teng XQ, Xu DL, Chi X, Ge M, Xu SW. Influences of low level of dietary calcium on bone characters in laying hens. Poult Sci [Internet]. 2020 Dec;99(12):7084–7091. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier. com/retrieve/pii/S0032579120306040
[2] FAO. Buenas prácticas para la industria de piensos. Vol. 9, Implementación del código de prácticas sobre buena alimentación animal. 2014:42–53.
[3] AGROCALIDAD. Manual para el Registro de Empresas y Productos de Uso Veterinario, Resolución 003 [Internet]. 7th ed. Ecuador; 2021. Available from: https://www.gob.ec/ sites/default/files/regulations/2022-01/ D o c u m e n t o _ M a n u a l - p a r a - r e g i s t r o - empresas-productos-uso-veterinario-7ma ED.pdf
[4] LOSA. Reglamento a la Ley Orgánica de Sanidad Agropecuaria [Internet]. 2019. Available from: https://www.gob.ec/ sites/default/files/regulations/2020-05/ Reglamento_LOSA.pdf
[5] Coleman SW, Moore JE. Feed quality and animal performance. Field Crops Res. 2003;84(1–2):17–29.
[6] Mateos GG, Grobas S, Taboada E, Méndez J. Valoración de la calidad del pienso en cunicultura. Univ Autónoma Barcelona. 1989:19–24.
[7] Mengesha M. The issue of feed-food competition and chicken production for the demands of foods of animal origin. Asian J Poult Sci. 2012;6(2):31–43.
[8] Patience JF, Rossoni-Serão MC, Gutiérrez NA. A review of feed efficiency in swine: Biology and application. J Anim Sci Biotechnol. 2015;6(1):1–9.
[9] Lee CY, Song AAL, Loh TC, Abdul Rahim R. Effects of lysine and methionine in a low crude protein diet on the growth performance and gene expression of immunity genes in broilers. Poult Sci. 2020;99(6):2916–2925.
[10]FAO. The future of food and agriculture: trends and challenges. Vol. 4. Rome; 2017:1951–1960.
[11]FAO STATISTICS. World Food and Agriculture – Statistical Yearbook 2021. 2021.
[12]Méndez-Barrón R. Inocuidad, normatividad y calidad como estrategia competitiva: experiencias en el sector porcícola de México y Sonora. Estud Soc Rev Aliment Contemp y Desarro Reg [Internet]. 2021 Oct 27. Available from: https://www.ciad. mx/estudiosociales/index.php/es/article/ view/1155
[13]Ingrid Carolina MR, Hernando CC. La Gestión de la Calidad, una mirada desde los Gobiernos Locales de México - Colombia [Internet]. Universidad Santo Tomás; 2021. Available from: https://repository.usta. edu.co/handle/11634/31776
[14]AOAC. Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International. Latimer W, Horwitz GWL, editors. Rockville, MD; 2005.
[15]Vieira SL, Stefanello C, Sorbara JOB. Formulating poultry diets based on their indigestible components. Poult Sci [Internet]. 2014 Sep;93(9):2411–2416. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier. com/retrieve/pii/S003257911932396X
[16]CAMEVET. Guía para la elaboración de estudios de estabilidad de productos farmacéuticos veterinarios. 2019:15.
[17]OMS. Comité de Expertos de la OMS en Especificaciones para las Preparaciones Farmacéuticas. Inf Tec 863. 2012:71–89.
[18]AGROCALIDAD. Instructivo para las auditorías de certificación de buenas prácticas de manufactura y almacenamiento de productos veterinarios [Internet]. Ecuador; 2017. Available from: https:// www.agrocalidad.gob.ec/wp-content/ uploads/2021/05/Resolucion-0066.pdf
[19]Liao SF, Wang T, Regmi N. Lysine nutrition in swine and the related monogastric animals: muscle protein biosynthesis and beyond. Springerplus. 2015;4(1):1–12.
[20]Krul ES. Calculation of Nitrogen-to-Protein Conversion Factors: A Review with a Focus on Soy Protein. JAOCS, J Am Oil Chem Soc. 2019;96(4):339–364.
[21]Ojano-Dirain C, Waldroup P. Evaluation of Lysine, Methionine and Threonine Needs of Broilers Three to Six Week of Age under Moderate Temperature Stress. Int J Poult Sci. 2001;1(1,2,3):16–21.
[22]Cemin HS, Vieira SL, Stefanello C, Kipper M, Kindlein L, Helmbrecht A. Digestible lysine requirements of male broilers from 1 to 42 days of age reassessed. 2017:1–13.
[23]Dozier IA, Payne RL. Digestible lysine requirements of female broilers from 1 to 15 days of age. J Appl Poult Res. 2012;21(2):348–357.
[24]Gilbert MS, Ijssennagger N, Kies AK, van Mil SWC. Protein fermentation in the gut; implications for intestinal dysfunction in humans, pigs, and poultry. Am J Physiol - Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2018 Aug 1;315(2):G159–G170.
[25]Rotz CA. Management to reduce nitrogen losses in animal production. J Anim Sci. 2004;82 E-Suppl(3).
[26]Kirchgessner M, Roth FX. Minderung der stickstoffausscheidung beim schwein*. Arch für Tierernaehrung. 1993 Jan;43(4):283– 301.
[27]Frank D, Joo ST, Warner R. Consumer acceptability of intramuscular fat. Korean J Food Sci Anim Resour. 2016;36(6):699– 708.
[28]Yang XF, Qiu YQ, Wang L, Gao KG, Jiang ZY. A high-fat diet increases body fat mass and up-regulates expression of genes related to adipogenesis and inflammation in a genetically lean pig. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B. 2018;19(11):884–894.
[29]Chen CY, Huang YF, Ko YJ, Liu YJ, Chen YH, Walzem RL, et al. Obesity-associated cardiac pathogenesis in broiler breeder hens: Development of metabolic cardiomyopathy. Poult Sci. 2017;96(7):2438–2446.
[30]Switonski M, Stachowiak M, Cieslak J, Bartz M, Grzes M. Knowledge on the genetic background of fat tissue accumulation is important in livestock production. J Appl Genet. 2010;51(2):153–168.
[31]Smith TR, Hippen AR, Beitz DC, Young JW. Metabolic Characteristics of Induced Ketosis in Normal and Obese Dairy Cows. J Dairy Sci. 1997;80(8):1569–1581.
[32]Thiex N, Richardson CR. Challenges in measuring moisture content of feeds. J Anim Sci. 2003;81(12):3255–3266.
[33]Mannaa M, Kim KD. Influence of Temperature and Water Activity on Deleterious Fungi and Mycotoxin Production during Grain Storage. Mycobiology [Internet]. 2017 Dec 19;45(4):240–254. Available from: https:// www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.5941/ MYCO.2017.45.4.240
[34]Magan N, Medina A, Aldred D. Possible climate‐change effects on mycotoxin contamination of food crops pre‐and postharvest. Plant Pathol [Internet]. 2011 Feb 10;60(1):150–163. Available from: https://bsppjournals.onlinelibrary. w i l e y . c o m / d o i / 1 0 . 1 1 1 1 / j . 1 3 6 5 - 3059.2010.02412.x
[35]Maciorowski KG, Herrera P, Jones FT, Pillai SD, Ricke S. Effects on poultry and livestock of feed contamination with bacteria and fungi. Anim Feed Sci Technol [Internet]. 2007 Feb;133(1–2):109–136. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/ retrieve/pii/S0377840106003087
[36]Gautam B, Govindan BN, Ganzle M, Roopesh MS. Influence of water activity on the heat resistance of Salmonella enterica in selected low-moisture foods. Int J Food Microbiol [Internet]. 2020 Dec;334:108813. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/ retrieve/pii/S016816052030307X
[37]Jia S, Li C, Wu K, Qi D, Wang S. Effect of Water Activity on Conidia Germination in Aspergillus flavus. Microorganisms [Internet]. 2022 Aug 29;10(9):1744. Available from: https://www.mdpi. com/2076-2607/10/9/1744
[38]Gomez R, Vioque M, Sanchez E, Fernandez- Salguero J. Changes in water activity and some microbial groups during storage of pet feed. Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung. 1997;44(2):155–164.
[39]Martens EC, Neumann M, Desai MS. Interactions of commensal and pathogenic microorganisms with the intestinal mucosal barrier. Nature Reviews Microbiology. 2018;16:457–470.
[40]Hall MB, Mertens DR. A 100-Year Review: C a r b o h y d r a t e s — C h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n , digestion, and utilization. J Dairy Sci [Internet]. 2017 Dec;100(12):10078– 10093. Available from: https:// linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/ S0022030217310470
[41]Baye K, Guyot JP, Mouquet-Rivier C. The unresolved role of dietary fibers on mineral absorption. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr [Internet]. 2017 Mar 24;57(5):949–957. Available from: https://www.tandfonline. com/doi/full/10.1080/10408398.2014.95 3030
[42]Mertens DR. Challenges in measuring insoluble dietary fiber. J Anim Sci [Internet]. 2003 Dec 1;81(12):3233–3249. Available from: https://academic.oup.com/jas/ article/81/12/3233/4790131
[43]Bach Knudsen KE, Lærke HN, Jorgensen H. The role of fibre in nutrient utilization and animal health. Proc 29th West Nutr Conf. 2008 Jun;93–106.
[44]Eklou-Kalonji E, Zerath E, Colin C, Lacroix C, Holy X, Denis I, et al. Calcium-Regulating Hormones, Bone Mineral Content, Breaking Load and Trabecular Remodeling Are Altered in Growing Pigs Fed Calcium- Deficient Diets. J Nutr [Internet]. 1999 Jan;129(1):188–193. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/ pii/S0022316623019041 [45]Zhao SC, Teng XQ, Xu DL, Chi X, Ge M, Xu SW. Influences of low level of dietary calcium on bone characters in laying hens. Poult Sci [Internet]. 2020 Dec;99(12):7084–7091. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier. com/retrieve/pii/S0032579120306040