REGISTRO DE MORTALIDAD DE ABEJAS NATIVAS ASOCIADA A FLORES DE Spathodea campanulata P. BEAUV., 1805 EN ECUADOR RECORD OF NATIVE BEE MORTALITY ASSOCIATED WITH FLOWERS OF Spathodea campanulata P. BEAUV., 1805 IN ECUADOR
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dic 30, 2025
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El uso ornamental del árbol tulipán africano (Spathodea campanulata P. Beauv., 1805) en áreas urbanas y periurbanas representa una amenaza para la biodiversidad, especialmente en países megadiversos como Ecuador. A pesar de su amplia distribución, existen pocos estudios sobre sus efectos en polinizadores nativos. Este trabajo presenta evidencia preliminar sobre la mortalidad de abejas asociada a sus flores. Se realizaron observaciones en 20 árboles distribuidos en las provincias de El Oro, Morona Santiago, Santa Elena y Zamora Chinchipe, revisando flores tanto en el dosel como caídas al suelo. En total se inspeccionaron 140 flores de 20 árboles (promedio de 7 por árbol), de las cuales 98 estaban en el árbol y 42 en el suelo. Durante las inspecciones se registraron y fotografiaron 303 abejas muertas, 262 en flores del árbol y 41 en flores caídas. Se identificaron cinco taxones de la tribu Meliponini: Nannotrigona sp. (15), Scaura sp. (9), Trigona sp.1 (183), Trigona sp.2 (75) y Trigona sp.3 (21). Estos resultados confirman que las flores de S. campanulata pueden inducir la mortalidad de abejas sin aguijón en Ecuador, lo que evidencia un impacto potencial sobre las comunidades locales de polinizadores. Spathodea campanulata se encuentra actualmente en 21 provincias, incluidas las islas Galápagos, lo que refleja su rápida expansión. Los resultados alertan sobre los riesgos ecológicos de su uso ornamental y resaltan la necesidad de estrategias de manejo que limiten su propagación, promuevan el reemplazo por especies nativas y reduzcan la mortalidad de abejas, esenciales para el funcionamiento de los ecosistemas urbanos y naturales de Ecuador.
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Padrón PS, Campaña M. REGISTRO DE MORTALIDAD DE ABEJAS NATIVAS ASOCIADA A FLORES DE Spathodea campanulata P. BEAUV., 1805 EN ECUADOR. EEC [Internet]. 30 de diciembre de 2025 [citado 17 de enero de 2026];10(2):13. Disponible en: https://revistaecuadorescalidad.agrocalidad.gob.ec/revistaecuadorescalidad/index.php/revista/article/view/263
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Artículos Científicos
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[8] Stouffer DB, Cirtwill AR, Bascompte J. How exotic plants integrate into pollination networks. J Ecol. 2014;102:1442-1450.
[9] Hui C, Richardson DM. How to invade an ecological network. Trends Ecol Evol. 2019;34:121-131.
[10]Cordero S, Galvez F, Fonturbel FE. Ecological impacts of exotic species on native seed dispersal systems: a systematic review. Plants. 2023;12:261.
[11]Zaninotto V, Thebault E, Dajoz I. Native and exotic plants play different roles in urban pollination networks across seasons. Oecologia. 2023;201:525-536.
[12]Ayala FE, Avalos AA, Cajade R. El tulipanero africano Spathodea campanulata (Bignoniaceae) en la Argentina: impacto de una planta exótica sobre la mortalidad de entomofauna nativa. Ecol Austral. 2024;34(2):322–329.
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[14]Hansen S, Roets F, Seymour CL, Thébault E, Van Veen FF, Pryke JS. Alien plants have greater impact than habitat fragmentation on native insect flower visitation networks. Divers Distrib. 2018;24:58-68.
[15]Labrada R, Medina AD. The invasiveness of the African tulip tree, Spathodea campanulate Beauv. Biodiversity. 2009;10:79–82.
[16]Rangaiah K, Purnachandra Rao S, Solomon Raju AJ. Bird-pollination and fruiting phenology in Spathodea campanulata Beauv. (Bignoniaceae). Beitr Biol Pflanz. 2004;73:395.
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[18]Santos VH, Minatel IO, Reco PC, Garcia A, Lima GP, Silva RM. Peptide composition, oxidative and insecticidal activities of nectar from flowers of Spathodea campanulate P. Beauv. Ind Crops Prod. 2017;97:211–217.
[19]Queiroz ACM, Contrera FAL, Venturieri GC. The effect of toxic nectar and pollen from Spathodea campanulate on the worker survival of Melipona fasciculata Smith and Melipona seminigra Friese, two Amazonian stingless bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Meliponini). Sociobiology. 2014;61:536– 540.
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[22]Larrue S, Baray JL, Chadeyron J, Meyer JY, Mazal L, Daehler CC, Fumanal B. Modeling long‐distance seed dispersal of the invasive tree Spathodea campanulate in the Society Islands. Ecol Appl. 2023;33:e283.
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[24]Jiménez-Pozo LP, Desiderio-Vera TX, Saltos- Merizalde KE, Erazo-Torres GE, Guamán- Guamán RN, Villavicencio-Abril ÁF, Ulloa- Cortázar SM. Inventario de la estructura y composición florística del arbolado urbano de la ciudad de Santo Domingo de los Colorados, Ecuador. Rev Forestal Mesoam Kurú. 2024;21(49):62–78.
[25]Kremen C, Williams NM, Thorp RW. Crop pollination from native bees at risk from agricultural intensification. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002;99:16812-16816.
[26]Winfree R, Williams NM, Dushoff J, Kremen C. Native bees provide insurance against ongoing honey bee losses. Ecol Lett. 2007;10:1105–1113.
[27]Engel MS. Two new augochlorine bees from Ecuador (Hymenoptera: Halictidae). 2007.
[28]Roubik DW. 100 species of meliponines (Apidae: Meliponini) in a parcel of western Amazonian forest at Yasuní Biosphere reserve, Ecuador. Pot-pollen in stingless bee melittology. 2018;189-206.
[29]Padrón PS, Roubik DW, Picón RP. A preliminary checklist of the orchid bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Euglossini) of Ecuador. Psyche (Stuttg) .2018;2018:2678632..
[30]Park MG, Orr MC, Danforth BN, Hall C. The role of native bees in apple pollination. NY Fruit Quart. 2010;18:21-25.
[31]Botsch JC, Walter ST, Karubian J, González N, Dobbs EK, Brosi BJ. Impacts of forest fragmentation on orchid bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Euglossini) communities in the Chocó biodiversity hotspot of northwest Ecuador. J Insect Conserv. 2017;21:633-643.
[32]Knowlton JL, Crafford RE, Tinoco BA, Padrón PS, Wilson Rankin EE. High Foraging Fidelity and Plant-Pollinator Network dominance of non-native honeybees (Apis mellifera) in the Ecuadorian Andes. Neotrop Entomol. 2022;51:795-800.
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[36]Delgado Vásquez C, Rasmussen C. Abejas sin aguijón (Apidae: Meliponini) en Loreto, Perú. Revista Peruana de Biología. 2019;26(3):289-296.
[37]Castagnino GLB, Cutuli de Simón MT, Meana A, Pinto LFB. Mortality of stingless bees on Spathodea campanulate Beauv. (Bignoniaceae) flowers. Rev Bras Saude Prod Anim. 2024;25:e20230031.
[38]Padrón PS, Crespo-Ramírez C. Life history of the butterfly Phoebis argante (Fabricius, 1775) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae), an inhabitant of the dry forest of western Andes. Rev Chil Entomol. 2024;50(3).
[39]Padrón, P. S. Supporting insect pollinators in Ecuador: visitation interactions to the native Andean plant Dalea coerulea. Rev Chil Entomol, 2025 [en prensa].
[40]Arboitte MZ, Ribeiro TB, de Almeida EV, Anastácio MD, Pereira VA, Pereira ET. Ocorrência de Spathodea campanulata no município de Santa Rosa do Sul-SC. ScientiaTec. 2023;10(1).
[41]Missouri Botanical Garden. Spathodea campanulate [Internet]. 2025 [citado 2025 Oct 15]. Disponible en:https://www. missouribotanicalgarden.org
[2] Delnatte C, Meyer JY. Plant introduction, naturalization, and invasion in French Guiana (South America). Biol Invasions. 2012;14(5):915–927.
[3] Lopez OR. Introduced alien plant species in the Neotropics: the Panama case. Open Ecol J. 2012;5(1):84–89.
[4] Rojas-Sandoval J, Ackerman JD. Ornamentals lead the way: global influences on plant invasions in the Caribbean. NeoBiota. 2021;64:177–197.
[5] López-Núñez FA, Heleno RH, Ribeiro S, Marchante H, Marchante E. Four-trophic level food webs reveal the cascading impacts of an invasive plant targeted for biocontrol. Ecology. 2017;98(3):782–793.
[6] Avalos G, Chacón-Madrigal E, Artavia-Rodríguez LG. Invasive plants of Costa Rica: current status and research opportunities. In: Invasive Alien Species: Observations and Issues from Around the World. 2021;4:57–76
[7] Díaz S, Settele J, Brondízio ES, Ngo HT, Agard J, Arneth A, et al. Pervasive humandriven decline of life on Earth points to the need for transformative change. Science. 2019;366(6471):eaax3100.
[8] Stouffer DB, Cirtwill AR, Bascompte J. How exotic plants integrate into pollination networks. J Ecol. 2014;102:1442-1450.
[9] Hui C, Richardson DM. How to invade an ecological network. Trends Ecol Evol. 2019;34:121-131.
[10]Cordero S, Galvez F, Fonturbel FE. Ecological impacts of exotic species on native seed dispersal systems: a systematic review. Plants. 2023;12:261.
[11]Zaninotto V, Thebault E, Dajoz I. Native and exotic plants play different roles in urban pollination networks across seasons. Oecologia. 2023;201:525-536.
[12]Ayala FE, Avalos AA, Cajade R. El tulipanero africano Spathodea campanulata (Bignoniaceae) en la Argentina: impacto de una planta exótica sobre la mortalidad de entomofauna nativa. Ecol Austral. 2024;34(2):322–329.
[13]Avalos G, Chacón-Madrigal E, Artavia- Rodríguez LG. Invasive plants of Costa Rica: current status and research opportunities. In: Invasive Alien Species: Observations and Issues from Around the World. 2021;4:57– 76.
[14]Hansen S, Roets F, Seymour CL, Thébault E, Van Veen FF, Pryke JS. Alien plants have greater impact than habitat fragmentation on native insect flower visitation networks. Divers Distrib. 2018;24:58-68.
[15]Labrada R, Medina AD. The invasiveness of the African tulip tree, Spathodea campanulate Beauv. Biodiversity. 2009;10:79–82.
[16]Rangaiah K, Purnachandra Rao S, Solomon Raju AJ. Bird-pollination and fruiting phenology in Spathodea campanulata Beauv. (Bignoniaceae). Beitr Biol Pflanz. 2004;73:395.
[17]Lim TK. Spathodea campanulata. In: Edible medicinal and non-medicinal plants: Volume 7, Flowers. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; 2013. p. 559-570.
[18]Santos VH, Minatel IO, Reco PC, Garcia A, Lima GP, Silva RM. Peptide composition, oxidative and insecticidal activities of nectar from flowers of Spathodea campanulate P. Beauv. Ind Crops Prod. 2017;97:211–217.
[19]Queiroz ACM, Contrera FAL, Venturieri GC. The effect of toxic nectar and pollen from Spathodea campanulate on the worker survival of Melipona fasciculata Smith and Melipona seminigra Friese, two Amazonian stingless bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Meliponini). Sociobiology. 2014;61:536– 540.
[20]dos Santos Souza E, de Oliveira Souza B, Polatto LP. Comportamento de forrageio de recursos florais em Spathodea campanulata (Bignoniaceae): uma espécie vegetal exótica. Brazilian J Dev. 2021;7(10):99157– 99168.
[21]Franco DP, Guerreiro JC, Ruiz MG, Da Silva RMG. Evaluación del potencial insecticida del néctar de Spathodea campanulata (Bignoniaceae) sobre Sitophilus zeamais (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Rev Colomb Entomol. 2015;41(1):63–67.
[22]Larrue S, Baray JL, Chadeyron J, Meyer JY, Mazal L, Daehler CC, Fumanal B. Modeling long‐distance seed dispersal of the invasive tree Spathodea campanulate in the Society Islands. Ecol Appl. 2023;33:e283.
[23]Larrue S, Meyer JY, Fumanal B, Daehler C, Chadeyron J, Flores M, Mazal L. Seed rain, dispersal distance, and germination of the invasive tree Spathodea campanulate on the Island of Tahiti, French Polynesia (South Pacific). Pac Sci. 2021;74:405–417.
[24]Jiménez-Pozo LP, Desiderio-Vera TX, Saltos- Merizalde KE, Erazo-Torres GE, Guamán- Guamán RN, Villavicencio-Abril ÁF, Ulloa- Cortázar SM. Inventario de la estructura y composición florística del arbolado urbano de la ciudad de Santo Domingo de los Colorados, Ecuador. Rev Forestal Mesoam Kurú. 2024;21(49):62–78.
[25]Kremen C, Williams NM, Thorp RW. Crop pollination from native bees at risk from agricultural intensification. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002;99:16812-16816.
[26]Winfree R, Williams NM, Dushoff J, Kremen C. Native bees provide insurance against ongoing honey bee losses. Ecol Lett. 2007;10:1105–1113.
[27]Engel MS. Two new augochlorine bees from Ecuador (Hymenoptera: Halictidae). 2007.
[28]Roubik DW. 100 species of meliponines (Apidae: Meliponini) in a parcel of western Amazonian forest at Yasuní Biosphere reserve, Ecuador. Pot-pollen in stingless bee melittology. 2018;189-206.
[29]Padrón PS, Roubik DW, Picón RP. A preliminary checklist of the orchid bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Euglossini) of Ecuador. Psyche (Stuttg) .2018;2018:2678632..
[30]Park MG, Orr MC, Danforth BN, Hall C. The role of native bees in apple pollination. NY Fruit Quart. 2010;18:21-25.
[31]Botsch JC, Walter ST, Karubian J, González N, Dobbs EK, Brosi BJ. Impacts of forest fragmentation on orchid bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Euglossini) communities in the Chocó biodiversity hotspot of northwest Ecuador. J Insect Conserv. 2017;21:633-643.
[32]Knowlton JL, Crafford RE, Tinoco BA, Padrón PS, Wilson Rankin EE. High Foraging Fidelity and Plant-Pollinator Network dominance of non-native honeybees (Apis mellifera) in the Ecuadorian Andes. Neotrop Entomol. 2022;51:795-800.
[33]iNaturalist. iNaturalist Research-grade Observations Dataset [Internet]. 2025 [citado 2025 Oct 15]. Disponible de: https://www.inaturalist.org
[34]QGIS Development Team. QGIS Geographic Information System. Version 3.34 [Internet]. QGIS Association; 2024. Available from:https://qgis.org
[35]Engel MS, Rasmussen C, Ayala R, de Oliveira FF. Stingless bee classification and biology (Hymenoptera, Apidae): a review, with an updated key to genera and subgenera. ZooKeys. 2023;1172:239.
[36]Delgado Vásquez C, Rasmussen C. Abejas sin aguijón (Apidae: Meliponini) en Loreto, Perú. Revista Peruana de Biología. 2019;26(3):289-296.
[37]Castagnino GLB, Cutuli de Simón MT, Meana A, Pinto LFB. Mortality of stingless bees on Spathodea campanulate Beauv. (Bignoniaceae) flowers. Rev Bras Saude Prod Anim. 2024;25:e20230031.
[38]Padrón PS, Crespo-Ramírez C. Life history of the butterfly Phoebis argante (Fabricius, 1775) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae), an inhabitant of the dry forest of western Andes. Rev Chil Entomol. 2024;50(3).
[39]Padrón, P. S. Supporting insect pollinators in Ecuador: visitation interactions to the native Andean plant Dalea coerulea. Rev Chil Entomol, 2025 [en prensa].
[40]Arboitte MZ, Ribeiro TB, de Almeida EV, Anastácio MD, Pereira VA, Pereira ET. Ocorrência de Spathodea campanulata no município de Santa Rosa do Sul-SC. ScientiaTec. 2023;10(1).
[41]Missouri Botanical Garden. Spathodea campanulate [Internet]. 2025 [citado 2025 Oct 15]. Disponible en:https://www. missouribotanicalgarden.org